Turning point in the American War

The Tet Offensive was an important event in the long American War in Viet Nam.

It was a turning point, when things started to change in favour of the National Liberation forces.

Before that, the Americans had begun to think that they might be close to winning the war.

Before the Tet Offensive, fighting against the Americans was mainly in country areas and not in towns and cities because there were so many Americans in these centres. However, this changed and fighting started in the cities and towns.

by Nguyen Ly

The 1968 Tet Offensive, also known as the Mau Than General Offensive, was among one of the largest campaigns during the two-decade-long American War in Viet Nam. Images of battles raging in major cities across the South were broadcasted all over the world, most memorable was perhaps the siege of the American embassy in central Sai Son, now Ho Chi Minh City.  

The offensive shattered the illusion, one carefully crafted by the Johnson administration that the end of the conflict was near. “We have reached an important point where the end begins to come into view,” proclaimed Gen William Westmoreland, US commander in Viet Nam in November 1967.

Meanwhile, the Viet Nam People’s Army of (VPA) and their southern brethren the National Liberation Front (NLF) were making preparation for the largest military mobilisation of the conflict until this point.

Vietnamese national liberation forces’ objectives were set to lure major regiments of the US army to the border area between Viet Nam and Laos to create opportunities for NLF units to infiltrate large cities and gear up for the general offensive.

A new theatre of war was in the making with Khe Sanh chosen as its highlight. The base’s strategic location along Route 9 allowed American forces to survey and recon movements on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, to block VPA infiltration from Laos and to serve as an anchor for the defences south of the DMZ.

Battle of Khe Sanh

Khe Sanh was built on a former fort, a relic of the old French Indochina colonial empire. The outpost was equipped with an airfield and formerly served as an outpost for US Special Forces. By the time the VPA artillery shells were falling on the base in deafening thunder on January 21, 1968, Khe Sanh was a marine base heavily reinforced by 45,000 soldiers with artillery and air support.

The siege of Khe Sanh marked the first large-scale battle of the conflict, which the VPA had actively avoided due to American superior air support and firepower. The VPA committed three divisions: the 304th, 320th and 325th in the siege of Khe Sanh, a battle which many newspapers drew a comparison to the famous siege of the French Dien Bien Phu fortified camp that ended the First Indochina War.

“The North Vietnamese gunners had targeted their bombardment with unerring accuracy. As US Marines had dived for cover, one of the first rounds had scored a direct hit on the main ammunition store,” according to Canadian journalist Micheal Maclear in his documentary Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War.

The 1,500 tons of artillery and mortar rounds, 90 per cent of the whole base’s entire stock was lost, the explosion continued for another 48 hours after. The base’s airfield also sustained heavy damage by artillery fires.

The VPA infantry units were supported with three tank companies overran US force and claim minor bases of Ta May, Lang Vei and Huoi San. The attackers also managed to sever US defence line along Route 9 to isolate Khe Sanh and severely cut off its supply route.

At this point, the US Army was compelled to conduct a massive air raid on the base’s surrounding area. On an average day some 350 tactical fighter-bombers, 60 B-52s operated in the skies. By the end of the battle, the US had dropped some 32,000 tons of bombs and ordnance in the arena.

But the VPA was determined. Despite the heavy bombing, the siege tightened around the base. Meanwhile, other offensives were taking place the entire central part of the country with liberation forces in major towns and cities including Hue and Quang Tri took arms against American forces.

Ripple effect

Prior to Khe Sanh, liberation soldiers would only engage American forces in rural areas. Large cities remained difficult targets due to the heavy presence of American forces with far more superior firepower.

“News of our victories from Khe Sanh reinforced our determination to rise up and retake our towns from the Americans,” said Nguyen Xuan Giang, former deputy head of military operation of the towns of Quang Tri and Dong Ha.

Not only Quang Tri and Dong Ha, the battle of Khe Sanh allowed the VPA and the NLF to weaken American forces stationed in Hue, the former royal capital city which hold great strategic and symbolic value, setting the stage for national liberation forces to reclaim the city.

“Everybody rose up and took arms against the Americans, both in the cities and the countryside. We managed to break through a prison in the town of Quang Tri, where they held many of our comrades,” said Nguyen Quang Dong, a combat medic who took part in the battle to retake Quang Tri.

By the time Khe Sanh made the headline of major newspapers around the world and came under the spotlight of US politics, the Tet Offensive preparation was completed. The National Liberation forces were ready to stage the largest military offensive throughout the South in both rural areas and major towns and cities, a campaign that many historians later believe it was the turning point of the American War in Viet Nam. — VNS

GLOSSARY

The 1968 Tet Offensive, also known as the Mau Than General Offensive, was among one of the largest campaigns during the two-decade-long American War in Viet Nam.

An offensive means an attack.

A campaign is a number of military operations that are carried out to achieve a certain goal.

A decade is a period of ten years.

Images of battles raging in major cities across the South were broadcasted all over the world, most memorable was perhaps the siege of the American embassy in central Sai Son, now Ho Chi Minh City. 

Images are pictures.

Raging means happening in a violent and uncontrollable way. 

Broadcast means sent out on air, which in this case means on television and film.

If something is memorable, people are likely to remember it.

The offensive shattered the illusion, one carefully crafted by the Johnson administration that the end of the conflict was near.

To shatter an illusion means to show that something you believe to be better than it is, is in fact not so good.

A conflict is a fight.

Meanwhile, the Viet Nam People’s Army of (VPA) and their southern brethren the National Liberation Front (NLF) were making preparation for the largest military mobilisation of the conflict until this point.

Brethren are bothers.

Mobilisation means getting forces ready for action.

Vietnamese national liberation forces’ objectives were set to lure major regiments of the US army to the border area between Viet Nam and Laos to create opportunities for NLF units to infiltrate large cities and gear up for the general offensive.

Objectives are aims.

To lure means to attract.

A regiment is a unit of an army.

To create opportunities means to make it possible for something to happen.

To infiltrate large cities means to quietly and secretively get inside them from the outside.

The base’s strategic location along Route 9 allowed American forces to survey and recon movements on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, to block VPA infiltration from Laos and to serve as an anchor for the defences south of the DMZ.

Strategic means to do with careful planning.

A survey is a count.

Recon is short for reconnaissance. It means watching and investigating enemies.

Khe Sanh was built on a former fort, a relic of the old French Indochina colonial empire.

A former fort is a building that was once a fort.

A relic is something that is left over from the past.

The outpost was equipped with an airfield and formerly served as an outpost for US Special Forces.

An outpost is a small military camp that is far away from the main army base.

By the time the VPA artillery shells were falling on the base in deafening thunder on January 21, 1968, Khe Sanh was a marine base heavily reinforced by 45,000 soldiers with artillery and air support.

Marines are soldiers who attack land positions by reaching them from the sea.

Reinforced means “given extra strength”.

Artillery is military equipment that shoots heavy shells at targets from a distance.

The siege of Khe Sanh marked the first large-scale battle of the conflict, which the VPA had actively avoided due to American superior air support and firepower.

Superior means better.

The VPA committed three divisions: the 304th, 320th and 325th in the siege of Khe Sanh, a battle which many newspapers drew a comparison to the famous siege of the French Dien Bien Phu fortified camp that ended the First Indochina War.

A fortified camp is one that is well protected against attacks.

The base’s airfield also sustained heavy damage by artillery fires.

Sustained, in this case, means suffered.

The attackers also managed to sever US defence line along Route 9 to isolate Khe Sanh and severely cut off its supply route.

To isolate a place means to make it difficult to get to.

At this point, the US Army was compelled to conduct a massive air raid on the base’s surrounding area.

If you are compelled to do something, you are almost forced into doing it because it is very necessary to do.

On an average day some 350 tactical fighter-bombers, 60 B-52s operated in the skies.

Tactical fighter bombers are in the skies as part of a special military operation, they are not simply flying around.

By the end of the battle, the US had dropped some 32,000 tons of bombs and ordnance in the arena.

Ordnance is military supplies such as weapons, explosive items, etc.

But the VPA was determined.

To be determined means to want to do something very badly and to be willing to work hard to achieve it.

Meanwhile, other offensives were taking place the entire central part of the country with liberation forces in major towns and cities including Hue and Quang Tri took arms against American forces.

Liberation means freedom.

Prior to Khe Sanh, liberation soldiers would only engage American forces in rural areas.

“Prior to” means “before”.

Large cities remained difficult targets due to the heavy presence of American forces with far more superior firepower.

If there is a heavy presence of American forces there are many of them.

Not only Quang Tri and Dong Ha, the battle of Khe Sanh allowed the VPA and the NLF to weaken American forces stationed in Hue, the former royal capital city which hold great strategic and symbolic value, setting the stage for national liberation forces to reclaim the city.

Setting the stage means “getting things ready”.

“We managed to break through a prison in the town of Quang Tri, where they held many of our comrades,” said Nguyen Quang Dong, a combat medic who took part in the battle to retake Quang Tri.

A combat medic is a soldier who works as a medic in a war scene, especially at the front line of the fighting.

By the time Khe Sanh made the headline of major newspapers around the world and came under the spotlight of US politics, the Tet Offensive preparation was completed. The National Liberation forces were ready to stage the largest military offensive throughout the South in both rural areas and major towns and cities, a campaign that many historians later believe it was the turning point of the American War in Viet Nam.

The turning point of war is when the side that appeared to be losing starts becoming the side that has a good chance of winning.

WORKSHEET

Find words that mean the following in the Word Search:

1. The first name of the US commander in Viet Nam in November 1967.
2. Another country in south-east Asia.
3. A building the French once made in Khe Sanh.
4. Michael Maclear’s home country.
5. A city that was once Viet Nam’s royal capital city.

ANSWERS: 1. William; 2. Laos; 3. Fort; 4. Canada; 5. Hue